Nama : Muhammad Dwi Juliansyah
Kelas : KM 19 A
Nim : 0802519101
Bab 8
Sound Recording
History
Thomas
Edison recited “ Mary Had A Little Lamb’ into a primitive recording machine
consisting of a tinfoil-wraped cylinder, needle ,microphone, and crank it
interesting to speculate what might what happened if Edison had sung the
nursery rhyme rather than recited it. Perhaps innovators would have been more
aware of the musical potential of this new medium, and the history of the
recording might have been different. As it was, Edison and others thought his
phonograph, the name he gave his 1877 inevention, might best be suited to
recording, the spoken word. He eventually tried to sell it to the business
community as an aid to dictation. At the time, the idea of using the phonograph
to bring musical entertainmwt into the home was too wild to imagine. Edison
phonograph faced new competition when Chinchester Bell and Charles Tainter
patented a device called the graphophone, in which Edison’s foil was replaced
by a wax cylinder. In 1887, more competition emerged when Emile Berliner
patented a system that used a disk instead of a cylinder. He called his new
invention a gramophone.
The
Impact of Radio on The Recording Industry
Radio
gained popularity in the 1920s, and the recording industry felt the effects by
the end of 1924, the combined sales of players and the records had dropped 50
percent from those of previous year in the mids of this economic trouble, the
recording companies quietly introduced electronic recording, using technology
borrowed from their bitter rival, radio continued to be thought of as the
medium for “live” music, and records
were dismissed as the medium of “canned” music.
The
Great Depression
The Great
Despression of the 1930s dealt a severe economics blow to sound recording.
Thomas Edison’s record manufacturing company went out of business in 1930.
Record sales dropped from $46 million in 1930 to $ 5,5 million in1933, and
several smaller labels folded. The entire industry was reeling.
World
War II and After
The
record industry did not do well during the war. First the U.S government declared shellac – a key ingredients of disk
vital to the national defense, and supllies avalible for records dropped drastically. Second the
American Federation Of Musicians, fearful of losing jobs because of canned
music went on strike .
THE
Coming Of Rock And Roll
Rock is
rooted in black rhythms and blue, commercial white popular music, country and
western, and jazz. On July 1955, Bill Haley and Komet moved to the number one
spot on the charts with "Rock Around the Clock. ". And in the
following years many musicians were the same genre to appeal to the music
connoisseurs of the time, because Rock and Roll music was very popular and
became a trend in that era. Less than a year, another performer who would enjoy
a far more substantial career came on the scene. With Elvis, the rock and roll
first blooms. Combining the
country-and-western style with the rhythm and energy of the music of the
black-and-black rhythm, the footage of Elvis sold millions
The Goes
Commercial
By 1959,
through a combination of various strange events all rock pioneers have
emerged. Elvis had enrolled in the army.
In 1959, the recording industry was shaken by the Payola scandal that, after
years of gaining publicity and poor criticism that blamed rock and roll for
most community ailments, threatened the gains of rocks due to rock and roll
Having too much money earning potential to be abandoned, the recording company
decided to clean up the rock image. When the 1960 's year opened, a new look in
rock was characterized by middle-class whites, deans, and more or less healthy
performers.
The
Bristish Invasion
The
Beatles in early 1964, they mastered the United States. In music, The Beatles are everything that
Americans think is not rock and roll.
They are innovative, especially in vocal harmonies, and introduce
harmonics as musical instruments, eventually, they transform the form of
American popular music and culture business. There is another style of British
rock, however, much more cheerful, as represented by The Rolling Stones and The
Animals
Transistion
The late
1960 was a period of cultural transition.
Freedom, experimentation, and innovation are driven across almost all
walks of life, as well as popular music. Triggered by The release of The
Beatles on The album Sgt. Pepper, a farewell from The rock genre began to
occur. Some trends of this period are famous.
In 1968, Blood, Sweat and Tears successfully combined jazz, rock and
even classical music The Band introduced a country rock The Who recording rock
opera. Towards the end of the 60 's and early 70 's, rock music became part of
a rival culture. Many cases, in which he tried hard to break the relationship
with the company. Musically, many of the
songs in this era are characterized by heavy metal sounds, amplifiers, and
electronic appliances starting to dominate the stage.
INDUSTRY
TRENDS 1970-1990s
The
recording industry enjoys a booming period during the mid-1970, resulting in
large sizes of popularity. A decline in
the early 1980 's back during the second half of the decade thanks to the album
Thrille Michael Jackson and some of the popular movie soundtracks of the
1990-an saw CD replacing the cassette tapes as the media of the liked Playtack.
The record company is about this because the profit margins on the CD are
greater than on tape as the results of the record of industrial revenues show
some fluctuations but generally increased during 90s.
The
Contempoary Sound Recording Industry
As the
new century began, the sound recording industry faced many problems. The biggest is the economic threat posed by
file-sharing services. The recording
industry continues to use the legal way to foil these services, but their
popularity continues to grow. The
industry also responded by establishing its own digital music service with
mixed success and by exploring technical devices that would make it harder to
copy music files. However, by the end of
2003, no solution had a big impact. As result, recording companies experienced
serve cost-cutting measures and widespread layoffs.
SOUND
RECORDING IN THE DIGITAL ERA
As we've
seen, as long as most of its history, the sound recordings use analog
techniques. The sound waves were first etched into groove of vinyl disc or
became particles rearranged on the magnetic tape. The development of the
personal computer and internet, made it easy for cunsumers to download digital
information to their home computer.
The recording industy was blindsided by this
development. At first recording executives dismissed music downloading from the
internet as somethingthat only few geeks would be interested in. They came
success of Napster and its progeny.The recording industry would be forever
changed.
Defining
Features Of Sound Recording
Sound
recordings are a cultural force. Its
products help characterize separate groups and define movements and trends in
American society. Music recordings have been the center of many cultural and
social controversies. Sound recordings helped deliver the Jazz age during the
Roaring Twenties era. This new style of
music is considered damaging the nation's corals. The same criticism was heard
during the 1930 's when Rock and roll music became a meeting point for the new
youth culture. During the 1960 's years,
the reconditioned music joining counterculture and large record companies
(benefiting from the status quo) resulted in a huge advantage of album sales
that challenged the status quo. In the
1990 's, rap music recordings introduced hip-hop cultures throughout
America. All in all. The sound recording industry has played a
greater role in shaping modern cultures. Voice recordings are also an
international company.
Organization Of The Recording Industry
The
recording industry consists of a variety of creative talents and business
people who originate, produce and distribute recordings to consumers. Rock music accounts for more than 60 percent
of total record industry sales;
Countries and rhythms and blues each accounted for 10 percent; The Gospel, jazz, and classical stories for
the remainder. Although this chapter
concentrates on rock music, remember that other styles of music are also part
of the industry. For our purposes, we
will divide the business into four main segments:
(1)
Talent is a singer, musician, songwriter, arranger, and lyricist.
(2)
Production is a record-producing company
(3)
distribution is where a record is distributed
(4)
Retail is a genuine or retail product
Ownership In The Recording Indsutry
The
recording industry is one of the most concentrated of all the media industries.
Large corporations dominate the business, accounting for more than 85 percent
of the market. In addition, these
companies are multinational companies, with interest in many different
industries. In 2003, the ownership structure was reconfigured when General
Electric, the parent company of NBC announced plans to acquire
Vivendi-Universal Entertainment properties and a group of private investors
bought Time Warner’s mudic division.
PRODUCING
RECORDS
There
are seven departments in a typical recording company
(1)
Artists and showings, this department is a talent seeker for the industry.
Personnel from this department listened to demo tapes sent by the candidates
and out on the road to hear the succession of the band's fourth tier (called
the Ganage Band in trade) in hopes of finding another Norah Jones
(2)
Sales and distribution: As the name suggests, this department sells company
products and then ensures tapes and CDS can store where consumers can buy them.
(3)
Advertising and sales, this division is responsible for planning the media
advertising campaign and display point of purchase at the sales outlets. Efforts of this department are coordinated
with the efforts of the Promotion Department
(4)
promotion in the recording industry, promotion means making new releases played
on radio stations and cable channels of music videos.
(5) The
business, this department includes lawyers, accountants, financial analysts of
market researchers, and secretarial and clerical staff, functioning in the
recording industry in the same way as their functions in other businesses or
industries.
(6)
Publicity, this department seeks to get press coverage for new players and new
releases and also has the task to get new actions and albums reviewed by the
publication.
ECONOMICS
We will
approach the economic topic at two levels.
First, we will examine the overall economic structure of the
industry. Next, we will investigate the
financial ups and downs of the typical music group that seeks to make it in the
recording business.
ECONOMIC
TRENDS
The
recording industry enjoyed 2 decades with stable economic growth until finally
emerging new trends that make the recording industry change their way. From
selling CDS to Hard drives to storing songs already in record.
Rock Performers : The Bottom Line
Many
musicians earn royalty or their income from the work they have created and
published in concert and digital form such as CDS and Hard drives.
Feedback
Billboard
Charts
Feedback
in the sound recording industry is characterized by stars, triangles, and
bullets. This is a common symbol used in
the Billboard magazine popular note chart.
The stars mean the recording is moving. Triangle goes to two million
sellers. Bullets are songs that reach millions of copies. In general, the
Billboand chart is based on two components (1) exposure and (2) sales. To measure sales, Billboard relies on Nielsen
SoundScan, a data reporting system that tracks sales in the United States and
Canada. This organization monitors airplay on more than 1200 radio station in
America, Canada, Puerto Rico that play variety of formats.
The
Recording Industry
Of all
the mass media, the recording industry has the fewest employees. The recording
industry passed through the heyday and has also gone through the times of its
isolation. And now the recording industry remains in the digital age and starts
to expand into all digital platforms so that we can enjoy the sound elements at
any time.